What Causes the Arabian Gulf Significant Summer Sea Surface Temperature Warming Trend?

The present study investigated the significant sea surface temperature (SST) warming trend during summer season over Arabian Gulf (AG) and its links with large-scale atmospheric driver, namely, Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), from 1900 to 2021. link between AMO AGs oceanic circulations has received little scientific attention. It been found that there is a spatial positive trend, maximum of up 0.6 °C per decade far northern end, while time series shows shift after 1995, an average value about 0.36 decade. in AG eight times four higher than global 1980 2005 using HadISST OISST, respectively. AMOs role SST confirmed by temporal correlation coefficient, which above 0.50 0.48, respectively, statistical significance at 99% level. underlying mechanisms explained AMO-related decadal variability can be as follows: when phase, northwesterly wind weakens, leading (1) less advection relatively cold air masses Southern Europe surrounding areas, (2) evaporation, thus cooling (3); thus, this enhances water stratification decreases upwelling process, vice versa occurs for negative phase. For temperature, phase coincides occurrence warm covering all Peninsula, North Africa, Europe. These processes prove possible candidate variability, hence enabling better evaluation future climate scenarios important region. Our results provide initial insights into AMO-driven spatiotemporal relation nonstationary time. Further analyses are required explore whether impacts extended other variables such evaporation rate, heat transport, etc.